ناسا تكتشف بعض الكويكبات التي نضجت بفعل الشمس – “لقد فوجئنا”

في الآونة الأخيرة ، العلماء مهمة أوزيريس ريكس التابعة لناسا تم اكتشاف أن تجديد السطح يحدث بشكل أسرع بكثير على الكويكبات منه على الأرض. من خلال تحليل صور عالية الدقة لكسور الصخور على الكويكب بينو[{” attribute=””>OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, the researchers discovered that the Sun’s heat fractures rocks on Bennu in only 10,000 to 100,000 years. With the use of this knowledge, scientists will be able to better predict the time it takes boulders on asteroids like Bennu to fragment into smaller pieces, some of which may eject into space while others may remain on the asteroid’s surface.

Although tens of thousands of years might sound pretty slow, “we thought surface regeneration on asteroids took a few millions of years,” said Marco Delbo, senior scientist at Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France, and lead author of a paper published in June 2022 in the journal Nature Geoscience. “We were surprised to learn that the aging and weathering process on asteroids happens so quickly, geologically speaking.”

Although landslides, volcanoes, and earthquakes may abruptly alter the Earth’s surface, most changes occur gradually. Over millions of years, water, wind, and temperature changes slowly erode rock to create new surfaces. For instance, if you hiked into the Grand Canyon, you would see distinct rock layers; the top layers tend to be the youngest rocks, dating around 270 million years old, and the layers at the bottom of the canyon are the oldest, about 1.8 billion years old. The Colorado River has been chiseling away at rocks in the Grand Canyon for 5 million to 6 million years, according to the U.S. National Park Service.

The PolyCam aboard NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft provided high-resolution, microscope-like images of asteroid Bennu’s surface. This made it possible for researchers to map more than 1,500 rock fractures. Credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

Rapid temperature changes on asteroid Bennu create internal stress that fractures and breaks down rocks, comparable to how a cold glass breaks under hot water. On Bennu, the Sun rises every 4.3 hours. At the equator, daytime highs can reach almost 260°F (about 127°C), and nighttime lows plummet to nearly minus 10°F (about minus 23°C).

OSIRIS-REx scientists spotted cracks in the rocks in spacecraft images from the first surveys of the asteroid. All of the fractures seemed to point in the same direction, “a distinct signature that temperature shocks between the day and the night could be the cause,” said Delbo.

Same image as above, but with the fractures highlighted in red. Credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona

Delbo and his colleagues measured the length and angles of more than 1,500 fractures in OSIRIS-REx images by hand: some shorter than a tennis racket, others longer than a tennis court. They found the fractures predominantly align in the northwest-southeast direction, indicating they were caused by the Sun, which is shown here to be the primary force changing Bennu’s landscape.

“If landslides or impacts were moving boulders faster than the boulders were cracking, the fractures would point in random directions,” said Delbo.

The research team used a computer model and their fracture measurements to calculate the 10,000- to 100,000-year timeframe for thermal fractures to propagate and split rocks.

“The thermal fractures on Bennu are quite similar to what we find on Earth and on Mars in terms of how they form,” said Christophe Matonti, a co-author of the paper at Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Géoazur, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France. “It is fascinating to see that they can exist and are similar in very ‘exotic’ physical conditions [low gravity, no atmosphere]حتى بالمقارنة مع المريخ. “

قال جيسون دوركين ، عالم مشروع أوزيريس ريكس: “تذكر أن تضاريس بينو حديثة العهد ، لكن الصخور الموجودة في الكويكبات لا تزال عمرها مليارات السنين وتحتوي على معلومات قيمة حول النظام الشمسي المبكر”. مركز جودارد لرحلات الفضاء التابع لناسا في جرينبيلت بولاية ماريلاند.

OSIRIS-REx (الأصل ، التفسير الطيفي ، تحديد الموارد ، مستكشف الحفظ – Regolith) سيتم إرجاع عينة إلى الأرض من Bennu في 24 سبتمبر 2023. قال دوركين: “يمكننا معرفة المزيد من التفاصيل حول عمر السطح عندما ندرس العينة مباشرة”.

المرجع: Marco Delbo، Kevin J. والش ، كريستوف ماتونتي ، جاستن ويلكرسون ، موريزيو باجولا ، مانار م. الأسد ، كريس أفتليدو ، رونالد لويس بالوا بولز ، رونالد لويس بولز ، ماركو ديلبو ، كيفن ج. بينيت ، هارولد سي. كونولي الابن ، دانييلا ن. ديلا جوستينا ودوتون ر. كوليش ، جيمي ل. مولارو ، بشار ريسك ، ستيفن ر. شوارتز ودانتي س. لوريتا ، 23 مايو 2022 ،. علوم الأرض الطبيعية.
DOI: 10.1038 / s41561-022-00940-3